Overview
GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper(II) complex first isolated from human plasma by Loren Pickart in 1973. It is found at significant concentrations in human plasma, saliva, and urine, and its plasma levels decline markedly with age. GHK-Cu has a high affinity for copper(II) ions and functions as a copper transport and delivery molecule in biological systems. It has been studied for its roles in wound healing, collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, antioxidant defense, and the modulation of gene expression programs associated with tissue remodeling and regeneration.
Mechanism
GHK-Cu exerts its biological effects through multiple mechanisms. It activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in a coordinated fashion that promotes tissue remodeling without excessive degradation. It stimulates fibroblast proliferation and the synthesis of collagen types I and III, elastin, and decorin. The copper(II) component participates in the activity of copper-dependent enzymes including lysyl oxidase, which cross-links collagen and elastin fibers. GHK-Cu also activates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to clear damaged proteins and has been shown in gene expression studies to downregulate inflammatory and oncogenic pathways while upregulating genes associated with tissue repair and antioxidant defense.
Research Areas
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Wound Healing Research
GHK-Cu has been studied in wound healing models for its ability to accelerate closure, stimulate angiogenesis, and coordinate the inflammatory and proliferative phases of tissue repair.
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Collagen & Extracellular Matrix Research
Research has examined its stimulatory effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, elastin production, and glycosaminoglycan deposition in cell culture and animal models.
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Antioxidant & Cytoprotection Research
Studies have explored GHK-Cu's ability to reduce oxidative damage, modulate superoxide dismutase activity, and protect cells from UV-induced and oxidative stress.
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Gene Expression Research
Microarray and RNA-seq studies have characterized GHK-Cu's broad effects on gene expression, identifying regulation of hundreds of genes involved in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cellular metabolism.
Storage
Store lyophilized at -20°C, protected from light and moisture. Reconstitute with sterile water or bacteriostatic water. Stable at 4°C for up to 14 days once reconstituted.